下面让我们复习一下本章早些时候提出的Vector例子。这一次Int2类是可以克隆的,所以能对Vector进行深层复制:
//: AddingClone.java // You must go through a few gyrations to // add cloning to your own class. import java.util.*; class Int2 implements Cloneable { private int i; public Int2(int ii) { i = ii; } public void increment() { i++; } public String toString() { return Integer.toString(i); } public Object clone() { Object o = null; try { o = super.clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { System.out.println("Int2 can't clone"); } return o; } } // Once it's cloneable, inheritance // doesn't remove cloneability: class Int3 extends Int2 { private int j; // Automatically duplicated public Int3(int i) { super(i); } } public class AddingClone { public static void main(String[] args) { Int2 x = new Int2(10); Int2 x2 = (Int2)x.clone(); x2.increment(); System.out.println( "x = " + x + ", x2 = " + x2); // Anything inherited is also cloneable: Int3 x3 = new Int3(7); x3 = (Int3)x3.clone(); Vector v = new Vector(); for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) v.addElement(new Int2(i)); System.out.println("v: " + v); Vector v2 = (Vector)v.clone(); // Now clone each element: for(int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) v2.setElementAt( ((Int2)v2.elementAt(i)).clone(), i); // Increment all v2's elements: for(Enumeration e = v2.elements(); e.hasMoreElements(); ) ((Int2)e.nextElement()).increment(); // See if it changed v's elements: System.out.println("v: " + v); System.out.println("v2: " + v2); } } ///:~
Int3自Int2继承而来,并添加了一个新的基本类型成员int j。大家也许认为自己需要再次覆盖clone(),以确保j得到复制,但实情并非如此。将Int2的clone()当作Int3的clone()调用时,它会调用Object.clone(),判断出当前操作的是Int3,并复制Int3内的所有二进制位。只要没有新增需要克隆的句柄,对Object.clone()的一个调用就能完成所有必要的复制——无论clone()是在层次结构多深的一级定义的。
至此,大家可以总结出对Vector进行深层复制的先决条件:在克隆了Vector后,必须在其中遍历,并克隆由Vector指向的每个对象。为了对Hashtable(散列表)进行深层复制,也必须采取类似的处理。
这个例子剩余的部分显示出克隆已实际进行——证据就是在克隆了对象以后,可以自由改变它,而原来那个对象不受任何影响。
若研究一下第10章介绍的那个Java 1.1对象序列化示例,可能发现若在一个对象序列化以后再撤消对它的序列化,或者说进行装配,那么实际经历的正是一个“克隆”的过程。
那么为什么不用序列化进行深层复制呢?下面这个例子通过计算执行时间对比了这两种方法:
//: Compete.java import java.io.*; class Thing1 implements Serializable {} class Thing2 implements Serializable { Thing1 o1 = new Thing1(); } class Thing3 implements Cloneable { public Object clone() { Object o = null; try { o = super.clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { System.out.println("Thing3 can't clone"); } return o; } } class Thing4 implements Cloneable { Thing3 o3 = new Thing3(); public Object clone() { Thing4 o = null; try { o = (Thing4)super.clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { System.out.println("Thing4 can't clone"); } // Clone the field, too: o.o3 = (Thing3)o3.clone(); return o; } } public class Compete { static final int SIZE = 5000; public static void main(String[] args) { Thing2[] a = new Thing2[SIZE]; for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i] = new Thing2(); Thing4[] b = new Thing4[SIZE]; for(int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) b[i] = new Thing4(); try { long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); ByteArrayOutputStream buf = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); ObjectOutputStream o = new ObjectOutputStream(buf); for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) o.writeObject(a[i]); // Now get copies: ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream( new ByteArrayInputStream( buf.toByteArray())); Thing2[] c = new Thing2[SIZE]; for(int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) c[i] = (Thing2)in.readObject(); long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println( "Duplication via serialization: " + (t2 - t1) + " Milliseconds"); // Now try cloning: t1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thing4[] d = new Thing4[SIZE]; for(int i = 0; i < d.length; i++) d[i] = (Thing4)b[i].clone(); t2 = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println( "Duplication via cloning: " + (t2 - t1) + " Milliseconds"); } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } ///:~
其中,Thing2和Thing4包含了成员对象,所以需要进行一些深层复制。一个有趣的地方是尽管Serializable类很容易设置,但在复制它们时却要做多得多的工作。克隆涉及到大量的类设置工作,但实际的对象复制是相当简单的。结果很好地说明了一切。下面是几次运行分别得到的结果:
的确
Duplication via serialization: 3400 Milliseconds Duplication via cloning: 110 Milliseconds Duplication via serialization: 3410 Milliseconds Duplication via cloning: 110 Milliseconds Duplication via serialization: 3520 Milliseconds Duplication via cloning: 110 Milliseconds
除了序列化和克隆之间巨大的时间差异以外,我们也注意到序列化技术的运行结果并不稳定,而克隆每一次花费的时间都是相同的。