AlarmClock类的对象需要知道何时响钤,因此可以将一个Time对象作为类成员这种功能称为复合(composition)。类可以将其他类对象作为自己的成员。
复合是软件复用的一种形式,就是一个类将其他类对象作为自己的成员。生成对象时,自动调用其构造函数,因此要指定参数如何传递给成员对象的构造函数。成员对象按声明的顺序(而不是在构造函数的成虽初始化值列表中列出的顺序)并在建立所包含的类对象(也称为宿主对象,host object)之前建立。
图7.4用Employee类和Date类演示一个类作为其他类对象的成员。Employee类包含private数据成员firstName、lastName、birthDate和hireDate。成员birthDate和hireDate是Date类的const类型的对象,该Data类包含private数据成员month、day和year。程序实例化一个Employee对象,并初始化和显示其数据成员。注意Employee构造函数定义中函数首部的语法:
Employee::Employee( char *fname, char *lname,
int bmonth, int bday, int byear,
int hmonth, int hday, int hyear )
:birthDate (bmonth, bday, byear),
hireDate (hmonth, hday, hyear )
该构造函数有八个参数(fname、lname、bmonth、bday、byear、hmonth、hday和hyear)。首部中的冒号(:)将成员初始化值与参数表分开。成员初始化值指定Employee的参数传递给成员对象的构造函数。参数bmonth、bday和byear传递给birthDate构造函数。参数hmonth、hday和hyear传递给hireDate构造函数。多个成员的初始化值用逗号分开。
// Fig. 7.4: datel.h // Declaration of the Date class. // Member functions defined in datel.cpp #ifndef DATE1_H #define DATE1_H class Date { public: Date( int = 1, int = 1, int = 1900 ); // default constructor void print() const; // print date in month/day/year format ~Date(); // provided to confirm destruction order private: int month; // 1-12 int day; int year; // any year // utility function to test proper day for month and year int checkDay( int ); }; #endif // Fig. 7.4: date.cpp // Member function definitions for Date class. #include<iostream.h> #include "date1.h" // Constructor: Confirm proper value for month; // call utility function checkDay to confirm proper // value for day. Date::Date( int mn, int dy, int yr ) { if ( mn > 0 && mn <= 12 ) // validate the month month = mn; else { month = 1; cout << "Month "<< mn <<" invalid. Set to month 1.\n"; } year = yr; // should validate yr day = checkDay( dy ); // validate the day cout << "Date object constructor for date "; print(); // interesting: a print with no arguments cout << endl; } // Print Date object in form month/day/year void Date::print() const { cout << month << '/' << day << '/' << year; } // Destructor: provided to confirm destruction order Date::~Date() { cout << "Date object destructor for date "; print(); cout << endl; } // Utility function to confirm proper day value // based on month and year. // Is the year 2000 a leap year? int Date::checkDay( int testDay ) { static const int daysPerMonth[ 13 ] = {0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; if ( testDay > 0 && testDay <= daysPerMonth[ month ] ) return testDay; if ( month == 2 && testDay == 29 && ( year % 400 == 0 || // year 2000? ( year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 ) ) ) // year 2000? return testDay; cout << "Day" << testDay << "invalid. Set to day 1.\n"; return 1; // leave object in consistent state if bad value } // Fig.7.4:emply1.h // Declaration of the Employee class. // Member functions defined in emplyl.cpp #ifndef EMPLY1_H #define EMPLY1_H #include "date1.h" class Employee { public: Employee( char *, char *, int, int, int, int, int, int ); void print() const; ~Employee(); // provided to confirm destruction order private: char firstName[ 25 ]; char lastName[ 25 ]; const Date birthDate; const Date hireDate; }; #endif // Fig. 7.4: emplyl.cpp #include "emplyl.h" Employee::Employee( char *fname, char *lname, int bmonth, int bday, int byear, int hmonth, int hday, int hyear ) : birthDate( bmonth, bday, byear ), hireDate( hmonth, hday, hyear ) { // copy fname into firstName and be sure that it fits int length = strlen( fname ); length = ( length < 25 ? length : 24 ); strncpy( firstName, fname, length ); firstName[ length ] = '\0'; // copy lname into lastName and be sure that it fits length = strlen( lname ); length = ( length < 25 ? length : 24 ); strncpy( lastName, lname, length ); lastName[ length ] = '\0'; cout << "Employee object constructor:" << firstName << ' ' << lastName << endl; } void Employee::print() const { cout << lastName << ", "<< firstName << "\nHired: "; hireDate.print(); cout <<" Birth date: "; birthDate.print(); cout << endl; } // Destructor: provided to confirm destruction order Employee::~Employee() { cout << "Employee object destructor:" << lastName << ", "<< firstName << endl; } // Fig. 7.4: figO7_O4.cpp #include < iostream.h> #include "emply1.h" int main() { Employee e( "Bob", "Jones", 7, 24, 1949, 3, 12, 1988 ); cout << '\n'; e.print(); cout << "\nTest Date constructor with invalid values:\n"; Date d( 14, 35, 1994 ); // invalid Date values cout << endl; return O; }
输出结果:
Date object constructor for date 7/24/1949
Date object Constructor for date 3/12/1988
Employee object constructor Bob Jones
Jones, Bob
Hired: 3/12/1988 Birth date 7/24/1949
Test Date constructor with invalid values:
Month 14 invalid. Set to month 1.
Day 35 invalid. Set to day 1.
Date object constructor for date 1/1/1994
Date object destructor for date 1/1/1994
Employee object destructor: Jones, Bob
Date object destructor for date 3/12/1988
Date object destructor for date 7/24/1949
图7.4使用成员对象的初始化值
记住,const成员和引用也在成员初始化值列表中初始化(第9章会讲到,派生类的基类部分也是这样初始化的)。Date类和Employee类各有一个析构函数,分别在删除Date和EmpLoyee对象时打印一个消息。这样就可以从程序输出中确认对象由内向外建立,由外向内删除(即先删除Employee对象,再删除其中包含的Date对象)。
成员对象不需要通过成员初始化值显式初始化。如果不提供成员初始化值,则隐式调用成员对象的默认构造函数。默认构造函数建立的值(若有)可以用set函数重定义。
没有为成员对象提供初始化值的情况下,也没有为成员对象提供默认的构造函数,这样就会产生语法错误。
通过成员初始化值显式初始化成员对象,这样可以消除两次初始化成员对象的开销,一次是在调用成员对象的默认构造函数时,一次是在用set函数初始化成员对象时。
如果一个类用其他类对象作为成员,则将这个成员对象定为public不分破坏该成员对象private成员的封装与隐藏。
注意第43行调用Date成员函数print。C++中许多类的成员函数不需要参数。这是因为每个成员函数包含所操作对象的隐式句柄(指针形式)。7.5节将介绍隐式指针this。
在第一版的Employee类中(为了便于编程),我们用两个25字符数组表示EmpLoyee的姓和名。这些数组如果存储短名称可能浪费内存空间(记往每个数组中有一个字符是字符串的null终止符 '\0',),超过24个字符的姓名要截尾之后才能放得下。本章稍后将介绍另一种形式的Employee类,动态生成适合姓和名的数组长度,还可以用两个string对象表示姓名。第19章详细介绍string标准库类。