除了 grep 和正则表达式之外，shell里有很多无需使用外部程序就可以直接使用的匹配模板。
就和你已经知道的一样，*和?分别匹配任何字符串和任何单个字符，引用这些特殊字符来匹配他们的字面值：
cathy ~>touch"*"cathy ~>ls"*"*
你也可以使用方括号来匹配任何enclosed character or range of characters，如果一对字符被-分隔，一个例子But you can also use the square braces to match any enclosed character or range of characters, if pairs of characters are separated by a hyphen. An example:
cathy ~>ls-ld[a-cx-z]*drwxr-xr-x 2 cathy cathy 4096 Jul 20 2002 app-defaults/ drwxrwxr-x 4 cathy cathy 4096 May 25 2002 arabic/ drwxrwxr-x 2 cathy cathy 4096 Mar 4 18:30 bin/ drwxr-xr-x 7 cathy cathy 4096 Sep 2 2001 crossover/ drwxrwxr-x 3 cathy cathy 4096 Mar 22 2002 xml/
列出了 cathy home目录里的所有以“a”,“a”,“b”,“c”,“x”,“y”开头的文件。
If the first character within the braces is “!” or “^”, any character not enclosed will be matched. To match the dash (“-”), include it as the first or last character in the set. The sorting depends on the current locale and of the value of the
LC_COLLATE variable, if it is set. Mind that other locales might interpret “[a-cx-z]” as “[aBbCcXxYyZz]” if sorting is done in dictionary order. If you want to be sure to have the traditional interpretation of ranges, force
this behavior by setting LC_COLLATE or LC_ALL to “C”.
字符族可以用方括号来指定，使用语法 [:CLASS:]，CALSS是定义在POSIX标准中的取以下某个值
“alnum”, “alpha”, “ascii”, “blank”, “cntrl”, “digit”, “graph”, “lower”, “print”, “punct”, “space”, “upper”, “word” or “xdigit”.
一些例子：
cathy ~>ls-ld[[:digit:]]*drwxrwxr-x 2 cathy cathy 4096 Apr 20 13:45 2/cathy ~>ls-ld[[:upper:]]*drwxrwxr-- 3 cathy cathy 4096 Sep 30 2001 Nautilus/ drwxrwxr-x 4 cathy cathy 4096 Jul 11 2002 OpenOffice.org1.0/ -rw-rw-r-- 1 cathy cathy 997376 Apr 18 15:39 Schedule.sdc
当开启 extglob shell选项(使用 shopt 内建命令)， several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. Read more in the Bash info pages, section → → → .